Industrial Model Inquiry Model
Purpose of education
  • Conformity, obedience
  • Prepare learner for factory job
  • Critical thinking, creativity
  • Prepare learner for information/technology
Learning model
  • Behaviorism
  • Social constructivism
Structure
  • Classes graded by age
  • Homogeneous groups
  • Multiage classes
  • Heterogeneous groups
Curriculum
  • 3R’s, narrow, fact-based
  • Multifaceted, problem solving
Instruction
  • Text-based, transmission
  • Multiple sources, transaction
Assessment
  • Uniform, standardized
  • Authentic, diverse
Role of learner
  • Passive, receive knowledge
  • Active, construct knowledge
Role of teacher
  • Foreman, clerk
  • Co-learner, facilitator
Role of parents
  • Follow dictates of school
  • Partner in decision-making
Role of administrator
  • Supervisor, manager
  • Instructional leader, co-leader
Type of literacy required
  • Decoding, defining, analyzing
  • Translation, critical

Source: Christine H. Leland and Wendy C. Kasten, “Literacy Education for the 21st Century: It's Time to Close the Factory,” Reading and Writing Quarterly, vol. 18 (2002), p. 13. Reprinted with permission.